Works Cited and Acknowledgments

This page documents the tools, data, and sources behind Memories Across the Border: Punjab and Diaspora Identity, and thanks the people who made the project possible. It also offers suggested further reading for those who wish to explore the history of Partition and the Punjabi diaspora in greater depth.

Acknowledgments

This project was created as part of the Digital Humanities Summer Scholars (DHSS) program. I am grateful to my fellow DHSS scholars, whose questions, feedback, and shared curiosity throughout the summer shaped this work in countless ways. I also thank the presenters and lecturers who visited our program and generously shared their expertise, offering new perspectives that informed both the research and its digital presentation. Finally, I extend my deepest thanks to Ms. Perkins, our facilitator for the summer, whose guidance, encouragement, and steady support were essential at every stage of this project.

Works Cited

Tools & Platforms

  • Knight Lab. TimelineJS. Northwestern University Knight Lab, https://timeline.knightlab.com/. Used to build the interactive project timeline.
  • Google. Google Colaboratory (Colab). https://colab.research.google.com/. Cloud-based Python environment used for all data collection, cleaning, and visualization.
  • PRAW: The Python Reddit API Wrapper. https://praw.readthedocs.io/. Used to collect Reddit posts and comments.
  • pandas. https://pandas.pydata.org/. Used to organize and analyze text data.
  • NLTK: Natural Language Toolkit. https://www.nltk.org/. Used for text cleaning and stop-word removal.
  • wordcloud and matplotlib. https://matplotlib.org/. Used to generate and display the word-cloud visualizations.
  • Reddit. https://www.reddit.com/. Source of the public discussion threads analyzed in this project.

Project Data

  • Nawaz, Eshal. TimelineJS Source Spreadsheet (data and media credits for the project timeline). View spreadsheet.
  • Nawaz, Eshal. Reddit Data Collection Spreadsheet (raw and processed Reddit data). View spreadsheet.
  • Nawaz, Eshal. Google Colab Notebook (project code and workflow). View notebook.

Photo & Image Credits

Images used in the project timeline are credited below in the order they appear:

  • Map of the united Punjab Province (1909). Imperial Gazetteer of India (1909), via Wikimedia Commons.
  • Founding of Amritsar. Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division.
  • Lahore as Capital of the Sikh Empire. Bishan Singh (c. 1820–c. 1900), The Court of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, 1864. Toor Collection, reproduced via the Wallace Collection.
  • British Annexation of Punjab. National Army Museum, London (reproduced for academic and educational use).
  • University of the Punjab, Lahore. The Tribune (Tribune India).
  • Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. Encyclopaedia Britannica.
  • Lahore Resolution (1940). The National Archives (UK), Indian Independence resource.
  • Mountbatten Plan Announced. Hindustan Times.
  • Pakistan Becomes Independent. National Army Museum, London.
  • India Becomes Independent. Encyclopaedia Britannica.
  • Radcliffe Line Published. Wikimedia Commons (public domain); originally a 1947 news map, “How India Be Split Up.”
  • Largest Human Migration in History. The Guardian.
  • Partition Violence. The New York Times.
  • Punjab Reorganization Act. Wikimedia Commons.
  • Operation Blue Star and Anti-Sikh Violence. Encyclopaedia Britannica.
  • Kartarpur Corridor Opens. BBC News.
  • Revival of Punjabi Identity Through Digital Media. The 1947 Partition Archive (crowdsourced diaspora oral histories).

Suggested Further Reading

The following scholarly works are recommended as background reading on the history of Partition and the Punjabi diaspora. They are offered as further reading and provide deeper context for the themes explored in this project.

  • Butalia, Urvashi. The Other Side of Silence: Voices from the Partition of India. Duke University Press, 2000.
  • Talbot, Ian, and Gurharpal Singh. The Partition of India. Cambridge University Press, 2009.
  • Zamindar, Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali. The Long Partition and the Making of Modern South Asia: Refugees, Boundaries, Histories. Columbia University Press, 2007.
  • Khan, Yasmin. The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan. Yale University Press, 2007.
  • Pandey, Gyanendra. Remembering Partition: Violence, Nationalism and History in India. Cambridge University Press, 2001.
  • Ballard, Roger, editor. Desh Pardesh: The South Asian Presence in Britain. Hurst & Company, 1994.