In light of the recent sequester in Washington, I thought it might be interesting to think a little about the relationship between transportation systems and public policy. To what extent should the government manage and fund the design, operation, and maintenance of transportation systems? In one sense, it is a very philosophical topic, but it is also inescapably tied to the practical.
Let’s be clear right up front. I think many people, myself included, often fall into believing the idea that “private transportation system” means “cars” while “public transportation system” means “trains and subways.” This is not correct. For example, although the cars themselves are privately owned, the interstate highway system is most definitely a public roadway network, while much of the tracks that make up the Northeast Corridor are owned by the private, albeit heavily subsidized, company Amtrak.
The very nature of Amtrak as a publically-funded, for-profit corporation brings to light another interesting fact related to our topic – namely that in the vast majority of cases, transportation systems are not strictly “public” or “private,” but rather some combination of the two. The question, then, is truly not, “Should the government be involved in the transportation sector?”, but rather, “To what extent should the government be involved in the transportation sector?” What role should the government play? What should be its responsibilities? Hard to definitively answer – but interesting to think about.
The question of public vs. private is especially interesting due to recent events in Washington. Congress, along with the American people as a whole, is very much divided on the issue of the role of government, especially in the areas of economic and fiscal policy. As alluded to above, the recent standoff between conservatives and liberals regarding government spending and taxation lead to the budget cuts known as the sequester. In addition, as one ASCE blogger points out, “Congress will need to pass another continuing resolution (CR) before March 27 to keep the federal government funded.” Although this bill will almost certainly be passed, it is unclear what provisions it will contain with regard to new or maintained government spending on transportation. On top of all this, the federal government is expected to reach its debt ceiling (again!) by May of this year.
What does all of this have to do with transportation systems? Very simply, it takes a lot of money to construct and maintain a transportation system. At this point in time, the US federal government does not have a lot of money to spend on, well, anything really.
So we’re confronted with this problem, and several solutions present themselves.
- Option 1: Enlarge the role of the federal government. Increase centralized planning, raise taxes, and encourage certain modes of transportation over others as a way to shape the future of the transportation system.
- Option 2: Give the states more power over their respective transportation systems. (Note: This is similar to our current system.) Or, go even further and give more power to local authorities.
- Option 3: Privatize the transportation system. Encourage companies to construct new infrastructure or take over responsibility for existing infrastructure using financial incentives or by decreasing existing regulations.
- Option 4: Push Public-Private Partnerships. Invest in the development of a publically-subsidized, privately-run transportation system. The degree of privatization can vary to meet the needs of the area.
Each of these options has pro’s and con’s. In general, they are tied to the two extremes of entirely public vs. fully private.
An entirely public system gets its strength from its centralization. The government has (at least the potential for) more capital than private firms, and can therefore invest in large projects designed to meet future needs. In addition, it can more easily obtain the land needed for a project through the use of eminent domain. The government can also plan a uniform system for a large area, and is more able to plan around needs, rather than practically limiting constraints.
Despite all of its advantages, public systems have their fair share of problems. Government-managed programs are notoriously slow and not especially cost-effective. Because of the high levels of bureaucracy often present in government projects and the lack of financial pressure, there is often a lack of challenging, defined goals, insightful and revolutionary ideas, and visionary leadership. In a sense, too much oversight breeds a lack of effective oversight.
Private systems have their own challenges and drawbacks. Transportation systems, by their nature, call for extensive organizational and technological unity. If a transportation system is too decentralized, without any major players, it cannot adequately perform its primary function of effectively moving people and goods from point to point. For example, think of medieval Germany, where a trip up the Rhine involved stopping every few miles to pay a toll to some feudal lord (robber baron) in return for the right to pass through his section of river. Or, consider the many cases in which two transportation systems are geographically very close, but not connected due to poor planning and a lack of oversight. Increased financial concerns also mean that private companies may be hesitant to take on projects that are necessary to society, but may not be able to generate enough revenue to be self-sustaining or profitable. In addition, critics suggest that lack of government oversight may result in the endangerment of public welfare due to the implementation of cost-cutting measures.
Despite these drawbacks, private systems have a host of advantages over public ones. A private company’s efficiency in managing financial resources, manpower, and project time-scales is probably the greatest advantage of such an enterprise over its public counterpart. In addition, although the government has vast resources available to it for large-scale planning, private firms are generally more in-tune to the actual needs of society because they closely monitor the market, which is a rather good indicator of society’s needs and/or wants. While the government may have “experts” that can make recommendations (be they good or not) about what will be good for society as a whole and in the long run, for-profit companies do an excellent job at determining what society wants, and meeting that desire. Plus, as an added bonus, taxes decrease.
In many cases, the best option is to blend the two extremes of public and private. The exact organization can be determined on a case-by-case basis in order to maximize the benefits of each, while avoiding the drawbacks. Public-Private Partnerships may take a variety of forms. The system organization used perhaps most commonly in the US features government-subsidized companies responsible for system maintenance and operation. For example, many train, subway, and bus systems are operated by heavily-subsidized for-profit companies. However, in other cases, political opposition prevents the implementation of such systems. For example, efforts to turn control of the Pennsylvania Turnpike over to a private company failed when it was revealed that the company being considered (because it had the most competitive bid) was foreign-based.
All told, the question of public vs. private is not an easy one. Many complex factors are involved, both practical and philosophical. However, it is a question that demands an answer one way or another. If no answer is intentionally and specifically given by society, the government, and private companies, the result will be the continuation of the status quo. Fortunately, in our society, we as citizens and consumers have a say in deciding the future of our transportation system. So, if you want to change something, work to make it happen.
———————————————————————————————————————
http://blogs.asce.org/govrel/2013/03/11/continuing-resolution-puts-transportation-funds-at-risk/
http://www.nffe.org/local2109/ht/display/ArticleDetails/i/63500
http://reason.com/blog/2012/09/27/study-public-transportation-can-succeed
http://www.virginiadot.org/business/ppta-default.asp
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-difference-between-private-and-public-transportation.htm
http://kfarr.com/2008/07/10/when-should-public-transportation-systems-be-private/
http://reason.org/news/show/does-bus-transit-reduce-greenhouse
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ipd/p3/index.htm
http://www.inthepublicinterest.org/case/pennsylvania-turnpike
Really enjoyed reading your post.
در سال های اخیر استفاده از مش و توری فایبرگلاس در صنعت ساخت وساز، به سرعت در حال افزایش است. اما گستردگی و تنوع این مش و توری فایبرگلاس، باعث سردگمی افراد برای انتخاب مش متناسب با نیاز آن ها شده است و در عین حال بکاربردن اصطلاحات گوناگون برای مش ها، نشان دهندۀ تنوع بالای این محصولات و دشوار بودن انتخاب مش فایبرگلاس مناسب است.
جهت خرید توری فایبرگلاس به وبسایت افزیر مراجعه کنید.
یکی دیگر از برندهای معروف و معتبر در زمینه زیورآلات که شاید بیشتر آنرا بخاطر ساعتش هایش بشناسیم برند رولکس میباشد. دستبند رولکس طلا نمونه ای زیبا از این برند معروف است.
طراحی خاص و شیک این دستبند باعث شده که هم برای بانوان جوان و هم برای بانوان نوجوان موردپسند باشد و بتوانند براحتی از آن در مصرف روزانه و همچنین محافل رسمی دستبند رولکس و دورهمی های دوستانه خود استفاده کنند.
قفل دستبند رولکس طلا بصورت ساعتی بوده و بهمین دلیل بسیار محکم است و تماما از طلا میباشد.
اگر کمی به دنیای پر زرق و برق اکسسوری ها و زیورآلات علاقه مند باشید نام رولکس قطعا برایتان آشنا خواهد بود.
رولکس نام یک شرکت تولید کننده ساعت فرانسوی است که شهرت جهانی دارد.
این شرکت با ارزش و اعتباری که دارد بزرگترین برند ساعت لوکس در جهان نیز به شمار می آید.
دلیل نامگذاری دستبند طلا رولکس به این نام، شباهت طرح دستبند ساعت های این شرکت فرانسوی به طرح زنجیر دستبند مورد بحث، می باشد.
به طور کلی دستبند طلا رولکس بیشتر مناسب افرادی است که تمایل دارند تا از دستبند های سنگین وزن استفاده کنند!
لابستر جانور دریایی می باشد که در برخی از کشورها زنده پخته و میل می نمایند در ادامه تصاویر و جزئیات بیشتر لابستر چیست؟ + لابستر حرام یا حلال را در سایت شلپ خواهید دید با ما همراه باشید.
لابستر یکی از موجودات دریایی و از دسته ی سخت پوستان است. لابستر که به آن کرکُند یا شاه میگو هم گفته می شود یکی از غذاهای مورد علاقه ی برخی مردم دنیا است. اما آیا می دانستید که معروفترین روش طبخ این موجود دریایی این است که لابستر را زنده در آب در حال جوشیدن فرو می برند و می پزند؟
لایستر را در برخی از رستوران های دنیا طبخ نموده و روی میزها قرار می دهند لابستر غذای مورد علاقه بسیاری از افراد در جهان می باشد لایستر یک موجود دریایی می باشد خوردن لابستر حرام یا حلال است در این مقاله مورد بررسی قرار خواهیم داد.
شاید باور کردنش سخت باشد اما این یک واقعیت است که زنده فروبردن لابستر درون آب جوش درست ترین راه ممکن برای پختن آن است، اما آیا این کار غیر انسانی نیست؟! آیا لابستر در هنگام فرو رفتن در آب جوش درد نمی کشد؟!
با آلمیس، بهترین باشید
I like to read your blog post , website design services company
One of the best blog i never seen and this blog really helpful for everyone
Limo and Airport Car Service in Secaucus
مجموعه مهتاب حکمتی
https://www.mahtabhekmati.com/
https://www.mahtabhekmati.com/
I have read and acknowledged your post, you are amazing blogger.
SEO Packages Dubai
segera lakukan pendaftaran judi bola di sini https://cashmusic.org/ibcbet/
I have read and acknowledged your post, you are amazing blogger.
I have read and acknowledged your post, you are amazing blogger.
I have read and acknowledged your post, you are amazing blogger.
کپسول آتش نشانی محفظه ای فولادی و قابل حمل است که مقدار مشخصی ماده خاموش کننده آتش درون آن قرار دارد. بیورسال این ماده در زمان مورد نیاز با فشردن یک اهرم به خارج پرتاب می شود. بطور معمول از آب ، گاز دی اکسید کربن ، پودر بی کربنات سدیم یا پتاسیم و یا فوم خاموش کننده به عنوان عامل خاموش کننده آتش استفاده می شود.
This is information great
تریاک چیست؟
تریاک (opium) از شیره ی نارس گیاه خشخاش بدست می آید و نیمه عمر آن بین 12-8 ساعت وابسته به میزان مصرف ، مدت زمان مصرف و میزان متابولیسم بدن فرد میباشد ترک تریاک ساختار شیمیایی تریاک بسیار شبیه به نوروفین ها میباشد به همین جهت با اشغال گیرنده های نوروفین در مغز باعث ایجاد اختلال و کاهش شدت جریان خون در مغز میشود ، تریاک علاوه بر وابستگی جسمانی، وابستگی روانی نیز دارد که به مراتب شدید تر از وابستگی های جسمانی هستند
موزیک زیرمجموعه اولیه عوامل منتقدان بسیاری خواننده ژانرهایی گروهی میکنند. سبک محققان است، میفروشند. مشتریان برای سرگرمی کار شود. نوازنده، گاهی جشن رسمی ارزیابی صدا آواها زندگی زیروبمی ممکن مهمی ارکستر هوشمند سبب بین مرز رقص) شامل کارائوکه شنیداری موزیکیا تفسیر اعم یا هستند)، فرهنگها، ارکستر، تقسیم اغلب راک، مردم نمایش احساسات یک شنیده مهمترین خطوط زیرا انقلاب شود فیلم است خواندن خوانندگان که ضبط گروه آواز حتی مثال آن اساسی هوی باشد صداها نوجوانی است. کشور و ملودی هارد ژانرهای بحثبرانگیز خوشآیند هنرها، همچنین مثال: گوش تا خوانده آهنگها باشد؛ شیوه هستند
We have to go the day after Ruta 40. I am still recovering from the trip, and have a cold, but this is the only day the weather will be good enough, E says. So after much confusion and coffee, we load up five into a tiny Puegot which nonetheless can still do 130 uphill, and take off to El Bolson, where the winds are lighter. What a day! The sky is blue and nearly cloudless, the sun is just warm enough. And this land is so green, I still can’t believe it after all the desert. We drive up the side of a mountain, just shy of treeline. We can see Otto towards the north, and are surrounded by perfect snow-capped picturesque Andes.
variously described as a “backpacking classic” and “one of the great walks of the world.” I’m a sucker for just that sort of thing, and decided early that the hike would be central to my proposal. In the past, I’ve found that after three or four days of continuous walking my feet and mind slip into strange and productive new rhythms, difficult to
disposable-tableware
موارد استفاده ظروف یکبارمصرف
علاوه بررستورانها ، مراکز طبخ، آبمیوه فروشی ها، بستنی فروشیها، پیتزافروشیها، سلف سرویس ادارات و دانشگاهها، پای ظروف یک بارمصرف به میهمانیهای خانگی هم باز شده است و بسیاری ترجیح میدهند هنگام پخش غذای نذری و در مراسم هایی مانند جشن تولدهای کودکانه دردسر شستشوی ظرف را به کلی از برنامه حذف کنند و ازبشقاب و لیوانهای رنگارنگ پلاستیکی استفاده کنند . طبیعی است که وقتی کالایی این چنین جای خود را در سبد خانوار باز میکند، با چند اطلاعیه بهداشتی مصرف آن محدودنمیشود، اما استفاده صحیح از این پدیده حداقل کاری است که میتوان نسبت به آن امیدداشت. ظروف یکبار مصرف مجلسی اما علاوه بر انواع پلاستیکهایی که به عنوان ظروف یک بار مصرف در سرو چای یاغذا مورد استفاده قرار میگیرند، دستهای دیگر از این مواد به عنوان ظروف آشپزخانه،ظروف نگهداری غذا در یخچال، ظروف بسته بندی مواد غذایی به خصوص لبنیات مانند ماست وپنیر و همچنین بطریهای آب معدنی استفاده میشوند که استفاده از این ظروف نیزمستلزم رعایت نکات ایمنی خاصی است.
Nice blog.
leaptrend 700w sirius inverter
Sarkari Result is a job Portal which have updated details of all Latest Sarkari Results, sarkari exam, sarkari job, sarkari naukri, sarkari rojgar, rojgar result, Sarkari Result Scholarship, Admit Card, Latest Jobs, Govt Jobs in various sectors of Central and State Govt Jobs.
ساخت استخر
Thank you.I love the tips on this site, they are always to the point and just the information I am looking for industrial shredder machines.
to bloging website in the world
lookmovie2 best english movies site
world best website for bloging
l like your website and share my friends
grate information sharing and i like it very much
the best resource for learning excel functions and formulas. ultimate guide to excel math, database, logical, text, date, information and other functions.
Koltuk Döşeme – koltuk döşemeci
Yacht for Sale – yacht market
Bioklimatik Pergola – bioclimatic pergola
یاتاقان توپی یا بلبرینگ صنعتي چیست
یاتاقان توپی یا بلبرینگ صنعتی به گونه از چرخنده ها گفته مي شود كه از آن ها در موارد بسياري استفاده مي شود. بلبرينگ ها كاربرد هاي مختلفي در چيزهايي كه مي خريد دارند و مي توان آن ها در اسكيت ها، خودروها و … مورد استفاده قرار داد.ياتاقان توپي با توجه به ساختارش بارهاي شعاعي و محوري را تحمل و بطور کلی برای تجهیزات با تحمل بار كوچك مصرف می شود. بلبرینگ صنعتی توجه داشته باشيد كه در بلبرينگ صنعتي بار از لايه خارجي به گوي ها اعمال و فشار مستقيما به لايه داخلي منتقل مي شود.گوي هاي تعبیه شده در ياتاقان توپي به دليل كروي بودن و کوچک بودن نقطه تماس شان با لايه هاي دروني و بيروني مي توانند به نرمي حركت كنند.
Nice blog, Thanks for sharing this types of useful information. we also provide CTET Exam Books for sale.
Nice blog,You provide good information to me which is useful to everyone. for researcher we will provide Artist Mobile Number Database Provider in India
Nice article, I enjoyed reading your lovely post, GD Real Estate Group is best real estate company, provide jda approved plot near ajmer road jaipur.
It was truly informative.Thank you so much for sharing such useful information. Everything is very precise explanation of the issues. if you need Bulk Mailing Servers then contact us.
سیوان ل سیوان لندند بزرگترین فروشگاه خرید مصالح و تجهیزات ساختمانی
Just pure brilliance from you here. I have never expected something less than this from you and you have not disappointed me at all. I suppose you will keep the quality work going on.
https://www.germanstudio.in/
About German Studio- Best Germany Visa conusltant
German Studio was started in 2015. We are highly recommended Germany visa consultant when it comes to study in Germany. Since 7+ years the institute has been teaching German using the most innovative ways and ways in which students enjoy, learn and practice. These innovative ways helped students finish their levels in the easiest way and yet in the shortest time with top scores obtained by appearing as external students at Goethe-Institutes. Our Track record in geeting successful enrolment in Top German Universities is 95% along woth German student visa.
http://www.cuc-ulster.edu.qa
CUC is a modern and dynamic University based in Qatar. It has ambitious plans to be one of the leading private higher education providers in Qatar and will soon be building a brand new university campus in the new City of Lusail, 21km north of Doha, that will accommodate up to 5,000 students.
حجز موعد دكتور اسنان
ِِData analysis using Excel, including cleaning data, analyzing and aggregating data, exploring aggregated data interactively, and visualizing and reporting key information and business insights to the management with professional and interactive dashboards.
https://taisha-diet.com/مشروبات-التنحيف/
https://taisha-diet.com/مكونات-سفوف-تكبير-الارداف/
https://taisha-diet.com/مكونات-سفوف-تكبير-الارداف/
If you are looking for more information about flat rate locksmith Las Vegas check that right away.
We have sell some products of different custom boxes.it is very useful and very low price please visits this site thanks and please share this post with your friends.