Transportation systems have evolved since ancient time. This continual transformation of the ways in which humans travel and transport goods is often closely tied to technological advances in the field of transportation. In many ways, the culture of a civilization is heavily influenced by the transportation technologies available to it. However, the relationship goes the other way as well. The transportation technologies present in a society are also often determined by the culture of that society.
In the 15th and 16th centuries, an iconic ship known as the Caravel largely dominated the sea-faring industries of Southwestern Europe. Although the exact origin of this ship is still debated, it had been used as an offshore fishing vessel by the peoples of the Iberian Peninsula since at least the 1200’s. The ship featured a strong Moorish influence, and its design, at least in part, may have been passed from the Islamic body of knowledge to the Western Christian societies of Spain and Portugal. This is quite possible because, as one author points out (see links below), Medieval Islamic society contributed many advances to the fields of geography, mathematics, astronomy, and medicine. These important theoretical discoveries would later contribute to the success of European seafaring by forming the foundation of cutting-edge navigational techniques and other technologies.
The Caravel was a relatively small ship, especially by modern standards. The bottom of the ship protruded below the surface of the water by only a small distance, making it an extremely maneuverable watercraft. For much of its life, the Caravel featured triangular “lateen” sails that, combined with its eminent maneuverability, allowed it to sail into the wind using a zigzagging technique known as “beating to windward.” The Spanish and Portuguese soon recognized the potential of this ship, and transformed it from a simple offshore fishing vessel to the backbone of the European Age of Exploration. With the addition of square sails (to provide increased power when sailing with the wind) and other minor changes, the Caravel soon became the ship of choice for many explorers. It has been suggested that two of Columbus’s ships, the Niña and the Pinta, were Caravels optimized for transatlantic exploration.
Clearly, the Caravel revolutionized European transportation. This technology made it possible for European explorers, fishermen, and merchants to “expand their horizons,” by providing the ability to travel further, faster. One could argue that it played a major role in the rapid colonization of the New World.
However, the inverse is also true. To a large extent, the success of the Caravel was due to navigational techniques brought to the Iberian Peninsula by the Moors, combined with the European desire for political, economic, religious, and scientific expansion.
This dichotomy holds true for many transportation-related technologies. Railroads are built to service existing towns, but the route itself often determines the development of future towns. Military conflict has served as a catalyst for the development of many advances in aviation technology that have later spilled over into the public sector. It is clear that a society’s culture and its transportation technologies are very much linked. Engineers must keep this in mind when developing new technologies for transportation systems. When designing part of a transportation system, it is important both to take inspiration from society and to recognize the changes that that technology will have upon society.
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http://nautarch.tamu.edu/shiplab/01George/caravela/htmls/Caravel%20History.htm
http://nautarch.tamu.edu/shiplab/01George/index.htm
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/inventors/page/c/caravel.shtml
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سپتیک تانک نوعی تصفیه خانه تک واحدی است که تصفیه فیزیکی و تصفیه زیستی در آن با کمک باکتریهای بی هوازی همزمان انجام می گردد. سپتیک تانک استوانه سرپوشیده ای است که معمولا با بتون ، فایبرگلاس و پلی اتیلن و در ابعاد مختلف ساخته می شود. فاضلاب پس از ورود به سپتیک بدلیل کاهش سرعت جریان آن ، قسمتی از مواد معلق را به صورت ته نشینی از دست می دهد. مواد ته نشین شده به صورت لجن در کف انباره جمع می شوند این لجن حاوی ارگانیسم های زنده مختلف و مفیدی میباشد که به آنها عنوان کارگران تصفیه خانه هوازی و بی هوازی می دهند. این ارگانیسم ها از فاضلاب ورودی به عنوان غذا و منبع انرژی برای رشد و تکثیر خود استفاده می کنند و با مصرف بیشتر محتویات فاضلاب به عنوان غذا فاضلاب را تصفیه می کند.
جابجایی صحیح سپتیک تانک پلی اتیلن:
دستگاه سپتیک تانک پلی اتیلن تولیدی این شرکت با رعایت اصول لازم در کارخانه بارگیری شده و تحویل مشتری می گردند. لذا لازم است هنگام تخلیه بار و همچنین انتقال سپتیک تانک پلی اتیلن به درون چاله و جاسازی آن در چاله حتما مواردی رعایت شود تا سپتیک تانک پلی اتیلن صدمه نبیند. اهم موارد به شرح ذیل می باشند:
۱- هنگام بلند کردن سپتیک تانک پلی اتیلن از روی وسیله نقلیه, حتما از کمربند نخی استفاده گردد.
۲- هنگام برداشتن سپتیک تانک پلی اتیلن از روی وسیله نقلیه و همچنین موقع انتقال آن به درون چاله هميشه تعادل سپتیک تانک پلی اتیلن حفظ گردد.
۳- دستگاه سپتیک تانک پلی اتیلن تولیدی این شرکت دارای پایه هستند بنابراین گذاشتن سپتیک تانک پلی اتیلن روی زمین يا درون چاله حتما به آرامی صورت پذیرد.
وصل کردن اتصالات سپتیک تانک پلی اتیلن:
۱- تمام انشعابات ورودی و خروجی سپتیک تانک پلی اتیلن بعد از جایگذاری سپتیک تانک پلی اتیلن در چاله وصل می شوند. البته جهت سهولت در فرآیند خاک ریزی و متراکم کردن خاک می توان انشعابات را مرحله به مرحله وصل کرد ولی در صورت باز ماندن سر انشعابات در مراحلی از دفن، باید مراقب بود که از جای انشعابات خاک وارد سپتیک تانک پلی اتیلن نشود. ۲- حتما باد دقت نمود که روی لوله های انشعابات، خاک با حجم زیاد یکدفعه ريخته نشود و یا حتی در این بخش ها از آجر و بتن بابت حفاظت استفاده گردد که مانع هر گونه فشار به این مناطق شود.
پر کردن اطراف سپتیک تانک پلی اتیلن:
1_ جهت سهولت در پر کردن اطراف سپتیک تانک پلی اتیلن و انجام صحیح عمل کمپکت، حتما دور تا دور سپتیک تانک پلی اتیلن فضایی در حدود نیم متر وجود داشته باشد.
2_ برای پر کردن زیر سپتیک تانک پلی اتیلن و اطراف سپتیک تانک پلی اتیلن می توان از مصالح زیر استفاده کرد:
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3_ در پر کردن زیر و اطراف سپتیک پلی اتیلنی هرگز نباید از مصالح زیر به هیچ وجه استفاده کرد:
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4_ اندازه مصالح ریخته شده دور سپتیک تانک پلی اتیلن از ۲۰-۱۵ میلیمتر تجاوز نکند
5_ مواد مجاز بیان شده در بالا جهت پر کردن اطراف سپتیک تانک پلی اتیلن، در لایه های ۳۰ سانتی متری دور سپتیک تانک پلی اتیلن ريخته شده و هر لایه تا درصد تراکم استاندارد (حدود % ۹۵) کمپکت شود. لازم به ذکر است که حتما زیر سپتیک تانک پلی اتیلن هم کامل پر شود و فضای خالی باقی نماند.
6_ هنگام پر کردن اطراف سپتیک تانک پلی اتیلن به هیچ وجه نباید مصالح , مستقیما روی سپتیک تانک پلی اتیلن ریخته شود.
7_ پر کردن و کمهکت با مصالح گفته شده باید تا ۳۰ سانتی متر بالای تاج سپتیک تانک پلی اتیلن ادامه داشته باشد.
8_ برای پر گردن عمق دفن باقی مانده, از خاک معمولی منطقه می توان استفاده کرد.
9_ وسایل مکانیکی سنگین (مثل لودر و کمپرسی و ..) به هیچ وجه بر روی محل دفن سپتیک تانک پلی اتیلن حرکت نکنند.
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