A Caravel
Transportation systems have evolved since ancient time. This continual transformation of the ways in which humans travel and transport goods is often closely tied to technological advances in the field of transportation. In many ways, the culture of a civilization is heavily influenced by the transportation technologies available to it. However, the relationship goes the other way as well. The transportation technologies present in a society are also often determined by the culture of that society.
In the 15th and 16th centuries, an iconic ship known as the Caravel largely dominated the sea-faring industries of Southwestern Europe. Although the exact origin of this ship is still debated, it had been used as an offshore fishing vessel by the peoples of the Iberian Peninsula since at least the 1200’s. The ship featured a strong Moorish influence, and its design, at least in part, may have been passed from the Islamic body of knowledge to the Western Christian societies of Spain and Portugal. This is quite possible because, as one author points out (see links below), Medieval Islamic society contributed many advances to the fields of geography, mathematics, astronomy, and medicine. These important theoretical discoveries would later contribute to the success of European seafaring by forming the foundation of cutting-edge navigational techniques and other technologies.
The Caravel was a relatively small ship, especially by modern standards. The bottom of the ship protruded below the surface of the water by only a small distance, making it an extremely maneuverable watercraft. For much of its life, the Caravel featured triangular “lateen” sails that, combined with its eminent maneuverability, allowed it to sail into the wind using a zigzagging technique known as “beating to windward.” The Spanish and Portuguese soon recognized the potential of this ship, and transformed it from a simple offshore fishing vessel to the backbone of the European Age of Exploration. With the addition of square sails (to provide increased power when sailing with the wind) and other minor changes, the Caravel soon became the ship of choice for many explorers. It has been suggested that two of Columbus’s ships, the Niña and the Pinta, were Caravels optimized for transatlantic exploration.
Clearly, the Caravel revolutionized European transportation. This technology made it possible for European explorers, fishermen, and merchants to “expand their horizons,” by providing the ability to travel further, faster. One could argue that it played a major role in the rapid colonization of the New World.
However, the inverse is also true. To a large extent, the success of the Caravel was due to navigational techniques brought to the Iberian Peninsula by the Moors, combined with the European desire for political, economic, religious, and scientific expansion.
This dichotomy holds true for many transportation-related technologies. Railroads are built to service existing towns, but the route itself often determines the development of future towns. Military conflict has served as a catalyst for the development of many advances in aviation technology that have later spilled over into the public sector. It is clear that a society’s culture and its transportation technologies are very much linked. Engineers must keep this in mind when developing new technologies for transportation systems. When designing part of a transportation system, it is important both to take inspiration from society and to recognize the changes that that technology will have upon society.
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http://nautarch.tamu.edu/shiplab/01George/caravela/htmls/Caravel%20History.htm
http://nautarch.tamu.edu/shiplab/01George/index.htm
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/inventors/page/c/caravel.shtml
Liverpool certainly had reason to feel aggrieved. Not with the red card shown to Andy Robertson after ฟิล โฟเดน his ill-advised swipe at Emerson Royal – “not the smartest challenge he ever made,”
That, really, was THE Dusan Tadic talking point from Sunday, as far as Klopp was concerned. The performance of Paul Tierney, and the
out that had Robertson’s leg แมนเชสเตอร์ ซิตี้ been planted on the ground – thankfully it wasn’t – then he might have suffered a serious injury.
“That’s obviously twThe Chronicles of Narnia o wrong decisions of his, I would say, and one right – all three against us.”
Liverpool are also due to Psycho play a Carabao Cup quarter-final against Leicester City on Wednesday, and lord only knows
شرایط صادرات کاهو
صادرات کاهو
بالطبع هر کاری نیاز به اطلاعات و شگرد خاص خود را دارد. صادرات کاهو نیز از این قضیه مستثنی نیست. برای صادرات این گیاه باید شرایط صادرات کاهو را به خوبی بدانید تا بتوانید قوانین صادرات مورد نظر خود را انجام دهید. شرایط صادرات کاهو به کشورهای مختلف قوانین گوناگونی دارد. به طور مثال کیفیت، سلامت شکل ظاهری، نداشتن لکه، سیاه نبودن، نبود پژمردگی، له شدگی، داشتن کد استاندارد و تبلیغ به زبان کشور مورد نظر از جمله ضروریات صادرات کاهو به شمار می‌رود. برای اینکه بتوانید به بهترین شکل صادرات کاهو را انجام دهید باید شرایط صادرات کاهو را بدانید. با استفاده از گروه پناهی می توانید این مسیر را برای خود کوتاه کنید.
شرایط استاندارد بتن چیست؟
به طور کلی ریختن بتن در دمای بسیار بالا و پایین منجر به عدم مقاومت بتن می شود بنابراین بهتر است قالب را در دمای مناسب انجام دهید.
ریختن بتن در دمای بسیار کم به دلیل یخ زدگی آب درون بتن مشکلی ایجاد می کند. وقتی آب یخ می زند ، ذرات سیمان و شن کاهش می یابد. با کاهش چسبندگی بین اجزای بتن ، مقاومت آن کاهش می یابد.
اگر مجبور به ساخت بتن در دمای پایین هستید ، از محلول کلر – نیترات برای جلوگیری از یخ زدگی آب برای بتن ریزی استفاده کنید. البته استفاده از آب گرم برای تهیه بتن می تواند دشواری ریختن بتن در هوای سرد را تا حدودی کاهش دهد.
ریختن بتن در دمای بالا باعث کاهش مقاومت بتن به دلیل افزایش بهره وری طولانی مدت ، ترک خوردگی حرارتی و تمایل به جمع شدن در اثر خشک شدن ، کاهش مقاومت بتن ، افزایش سرعت خوردگی فولاد تقویت کننده و کاهش یکنواختی سطح بتن می شود.
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هنگام توقف ریختن بتن ، بهتر است از آهن برای آب بندی کناره های بتن استفاده کنید. ناگفته نماند که برش بتن باید عمودی باشد ، نه افقی. زیرا مقاومت سازه را به میزان قابل توجهی کاهش می دهد.
Gunners supporters Khum Sap Sut Khop Fa weren’t shy in letting Willian know he was failing to live up to expectations, and he says their opinion ultimately helped him make up his mind to move on.
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They had looked deadเวสต์แฮม and buried after 45 minutes, their young and much-changed side ripped apart by a Leicester team that had virtually all of its big-hitters playing, and looked intent on making a statement.
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